chemical products for profit
chemical
HOME | MIX FORMULAS | JELLY & WINE |
- chemical / Apparatus
- Heating
- Temperature Measurement
- Mixing and dissolving
- Filtration
- Pulverizing and grinding
- Housekeeping
- Cautions
- Units for measurements
- Example No. 1 Hair Lacquer
- Example No. 2 Nasal Drops
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| Introduction |
| The formulas presented here cover a wide range of products and food specialties. One should have no difficulty in choosing and successfully manufacturing a profitable product. |
| Look over the various formulas and make a note of those which interest you. Gather together your raw materials and whatever utensils you will need. Start out by making up small batches of your product to be sure that it "comes out right". Follow the formula instructions exactly. If the formula calls for adding "B" to "A" do so in this order; don't add ingredients in the reverse order. Where no specific order is mentioned in a formula, just add the ingredients in the order in which they are listed in the formula. |
| Apparatus |
| In many instances you will not need anything more than the pots, glass ware, and bowls etc. which are found in any household kitchen. You will probably want to duplicate some of your kitchen items. Many useful bowls, pans, containers, and other useful items can be found inexpensively at second hand stores or flea markets.
In mixing chemicals, enameled or glass pans and bowls are preferred over aluminum. You will find it very helpful to have two Pyrex double boilers. Some formulas call for heating up two separate ingredients at the same time. Also, the Pyrex double boilers are easy to clean out afterwards, and you have the advantage of being able to see what is going on inside.
In addition to the above items, a set of large mixing bowls, a couple of 8 oz. and 16 oz. measuring cups, measuring spoons, plastic or wood, a plastic cone and filter papers such as are used for making coffee will be needed.
You will also need various kinds of containers; jars, bottles, cans, etc. in which to package your products. At the outset these items can be found locally, but later on you will need to purchase in quantity when you start selling your products.
Other containers will be needed for storage of your chemicals and raw materials. Be sure to label all containers and keep them well out of the reach of children.
For weighing ingredients, it may be worth your while to invest in a small scale from a chemical supply house. At the beginning you may simply use a postal scale from a stationary store, but they are not as accurate as a "gram" scale or balance scale.
An accurate thermometer will be needed too. For mixing us emulsions an electric blender works out very well for small batches of material, or you could just use an ordinary egg beater to start.
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| HEATING |
| Your double boiler will be used for heating liquids and dry materials when the temperature called for is below 212 F. Keep an eye on the bottom pan to maintain the water level; don't allow it to go dry. In order to get an even temperature which is higher than the boiling point of water, 212F. you can use a cooking oil in the bottom pan of the double boiler. Be careful, because oil will get much hotter than boiling water! Don't allow the oil to get so hot as to give off thick fumes; they are flammable. Do not heat chemicals which are explosive. Always use your thermometer to be sure you are working at the proper temperatures. |
| TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT |
| Some formulas show degrees Fahrenheit, and others show degrees in Centigrade. The boiling point of water is 212 F. or 100 degrees C. The melting point of ice is 32 F. or 0 degrees Centigrade. |
| MIXING AND DISSOLVING |
| This is simply accomplished by warming and stirring your materials. If you are hand stirring, use a non-reactive stirring rod, such as glass or wood. |
| FILTRATION |
| Some liquids formulations may contain small solid particles. These may be removed by allowing the particles to settle and then pouring off the liquid, or by filtering. You may use the "coffee filters" as mentioned earlier, or buy filters made for this purpose, from a chemical supply house; they are not expensive. Filters come in a wide range of "fineness". Coarse particles may be filtered through sterile muslin or even cloth.
Some particles can be so small that they can't be filtered out normally. It is then necessary to add to the liquid 1 to 3 per cent infusorial earth or magnesium carbonate. They aid the filter paper by clogging us its pores. This will result in the filtering of extremely small particles. The usual process in filtering is to take the already filtered material, and pour it through the filter again. The double filtering will remove any visible particles remaining.
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| PULVERIZING AND GRINDING |
| Large pieces of dry chemical material is broken up by wrapping it in cloth, placing between two boards, and pounding it with a hammer. To grind very finely, you would use a mortar and pestle. |
| HOUSEKEEPING |
| It is very important to keep clean your working area, tools, and utinsels. Keep all containers and bottles tightly capped to prevent evaporation or possible contamination. Wipe up all spils as soon as possible. Clean all containers throughly after spils as soon as possible. Clean all containers throughly after using. General neatness is called for in working with chemicals. |
| WHERE TO BUY CHEMICALS & SUPPLIES |
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| Many of the more common chemicals can be purchased in small quantity from most drug stores. For larger quantities, purchase from a chemical supply house. Glassware, mixing bowls and many miscellanous items can be found in department or discount stores. Use the yellow pages of your telephone directory. It will list many local suppliers. |
| CAUTIONS |
| Some chemicals are poisonous and corrosive. Check the labels. Don't inhale them. Always work in well ventilated areas. Again, if anything spills, wash and wipe it immediately. The majority of chemicals you will use will not be dangerous, but it is best to practice cleanliness at all times. |
| UNITS FOR MEASUREMENTS |
| The formulas contained in this section contain proportions by weight, volum, or percent by weight. Some formulas use specific volumetric or mass units, such as cc's or grams, lbs. etc. Different industries use a variety of systems of weight and measures. No one set can satisfy all requirements. A few examples of the formulas used in this manual follow. |
| Example No. 1 |
| Hair Lacquer (non-aerosol) |
pts/wt. |
| Refined (wax-free) bleached shellac |
15.0 |
| Borax |
3.45 |
| Water |
81.0 |
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| Proc: Heat water to 145 F. and add the Borax. Add shellac, dissolving it at 145 F. using a high speed stirrer. When the shellac is dissolved, cool and filter. Adjust the pH with ammonia to about 8.5. This basic formula is compounded or reduced to the desired solids to give either an all water hair lacquer, or a water alcholic hair set. |
| Basic Formula (see preceeding) |
80.0 |
| CITROFLEX A-Z |
1.0 |
| Perfume Oil |
0.2 |
| Alcohol # 40 |
18.8 |
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| Proc: Mix all ingredients together. |
| The above formulations use the same "basic formula", which is the Hair Lacquer. The ingredients are specified as parts/ weight (pts/wt). The actual units of measurement are left up to the person preparing the formula. In other words, you may decide to use grams, ounces, pounds, gallons, etc., but once you choose one of these, all ingredients must be in the same unit of measurement. Since the various ingredients are given in a ratio, you may reduce or expand the quantities. That is, you may reduce the formula by dividing all amounts by "2" (just use half the amount of each ingredient), or divide by 4 or 5 etc. to make up the quantity of product you want. |
| Measure and weigh all ingredients accurately when compounding a formula. Be sure to heat solutions to the temperature called for in the formula. Mix ingredients in sequence if not otherwise specified. |
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| Example No. 2 |
| NASAL DROPS |
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| Menthol |
2.5 g. |
| Camphor |
2.5 g. |
| Eucalyptus Oil |
6.0 c.c. |
| Mucilage of Methyl Cellulose |
6.0 c.c. |
| Chlorestone |
5.0 g. |
| Dextrose |
45.0 g. |
| Distilled Water q.s. to make |
1000.0 c.c. |
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| Proc: Liquify the menthol, camphor and eucalyptus oil by trituration in a glass mortar. Add the mucilage under constant stirring until the oily drops disappear. Dissolve the dextrose and chlorestone in boiling water. When cool, mix the liquids and water to make 1 liter, and shake. Label: SHAKE WELL |
| In this particular formula the exact unit of measurment is given; grams. The liquid ingredients are given in c.c. which is a volumetric measurement. Therefore, any "conversions" must take this into account. |
| The menthol, camphor and eucalyptus oil are placed in a glass mortar. Grind all into very fine particles. Then add the mucilage and continue grinding. heat about 1/4 of the water; 250 c.c. to the boiling point. Stir the dextrose and cholorestone into the water. Dissolve thoroughly and cool. The mixture of menthol, camphor, eucalyptus oil and mucilage is then added to the solution. The entire solution is then poured into a glass graduate, and distilled water is added to bring the total volume to 1000 c.c. or 1 liter. |
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